According to EPA's most recent Toxic Release inventory (TRI) National Analysis, 4.5 million pounds of toxic chemicals were dumped into the Pearl River in 2019. The vast majority of this toxic waste came in the form of nitrates from 3 poultry processing companies, Tyson Foods, Sanderson Farms and Peco Foods.  ​The amount of TRI pollutants entering the Pearl River watershed has increased 47% since Pearl Riverkeeper began tracking the reports in 2015.  The Tyson Farms plant in Carthage is ranked #1 for permitted releases to water in all of Mississippi. 

• ​Under federal law, industries must self-report each year how many pounds of each toxic chemical they released to the air, water and land.  That data is available to the public via the Toxics Release Inventory database. "The TRI tracks the management of certain toxic chemicals that may pose a threat to human health and the environment."
• The discharge of these chemicals is legally authorized by each state through the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permitting process.  Mississippi and Louisiana Departments of Environmental Quality test their waterways, designate the waterway sections as "attaining their designated use" or as "impaired" and make Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) discharge determinations.  The TMDL is then used as the basis for discharge permit authorizations.​
• Each year, Pearl Riverkeeper analyzes the data for the Pearl River watershed and publishes the information on our website.  The more you know, the better advocate you can be for our waterways. 

​Louisiana ranks 4th out of 56 states/territories nationwide based on total releases per square mile (rank 1 = highest releases). Mississippi ranks 12th out of 56.  The TRI is easily searchable by state, county, city or zip code: https://www.epa.gov/trinationalanalysis/where-you-live.  

Join forces with Pearl Riverkeeper to help protect our watershed by signing up for our newsletter, becoming a member or becoming a Water Steward. 

​Always exciting to learn of a Gulf sturgeon sighting in the Pearl. This fish was caught in a fisherman's net on the Pearl River near Atwood Water Park, Monticello, MS last week and it was released unharmed.
During this time of the year, Gulf sturgeon are migrating from the Gulf of Mexico into coastal rivers where they spawn. In the summer, the sturgeon will spend their time in between their upstream spawning areas and the estuaries on the coast.

By: John Kees, NCU herbarium intern

-An important component of natural forest understory and wetland communities.
-The federally endangered Mitchell’s satyr (Neonympha mitchelliana) uses Carex as host plants, along with several skipper butterflies. 
-More-or-less evergreen, most active in the cold-season, and can be used as a groundcover or Liriope alternative.  Some species do well as annually mowed lawn substitutes in shade, best paired with shade-tolerant forbs and spring ephemerals e.g. Mississippi river wakerobin (Trillium foetidissimum), Lapham’s wild blue phlox (Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii), native violet woodsorrel (Oxalis violacea), spring-beauty (Claytonia virginiana), perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata).

3.  Blazing-star (Liatris spp.) 
-Flowers attract hummingbirds and a wide variety of bees, butterflies and pollinating flies and wasps.
-Important nectar source for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) during fall migration.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Liatris squarrulosa (appalachian blazingstar), Liatris elegans (elegant blazing-star), Liatris pycnostachya var. lasiophylla (louisiana prairie blazingstar), Liatris spicata var. resinosa (southern gayfeather), Liatris squarrosa (scaly blazingstar).

-Host plants for 50+ species of butterflies and moths, including the silvery checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis).
-Flowers attract a variety of bees, butterflies, and pollinating flies, wasps, and beetles.
-Pollen source for many native pollen specialist bees.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Helianthus mollis (ashy sunflower), Helianthus atrorubens (darkeye sunflower), Helianthus heterophyllus (variable sunflower), Helianthus resinosus (resindot sunflower), Helianthus simulans (muck sunflower), Helianthus debilis (beach sunflower), Helianthus divaricatus (woodland sunflower), Helianthus microcephalus (smallhead sunflower).
​

-Very late-blooming, into December for some species.
-Host plant for pearl crescent (Phyciodes tharos).
-Flowers attract a variety of bees, butterflies, and pollinating flies, wasps, and beetles.  Pollen source for many native specialist bees.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Symphyotrichum cordifolium (heartleaf aster), Symphyotrichum patens (patent aster), Symphyotrichum elliottii (Elliott’s aster), Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (calico aster), Symphyotrichum dumosum (bushy aster), Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New England aster), Symphyotrichum praealtum (willowleaf aster), Symphyotrichum drummondii (Drummond’s heartleaf aster).
​

-Flowers are very attractive to butterflies and long-tongued bees. 
-Host plant & supports a few pollen specialist bees. 

8.  Native hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.)
-The hibiscus bee (Ptilothrix bombianus) feeds only on native Hibiscus.
-Host plant for a variety of beneficial insects, 30+ species of butterflies and moths.
-Flowers attract hummingbirds, solitary bees, pollinating flies, wasps, and beetles.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Hibiscus aculeatus (pineland hibiscus), Hibiscus coccineus (scarlet rosemallow), Hibiscus lasiocarpos (woolly rose-mallow), Hibiscus laevis (halberd-leaved hibiscus).

10. Maryland wild-senna (Senna marilandica)
-A preferred host plant for cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae) and several butterflies in the genus Eurema, less aggressive than partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata).
​

-Flowers attract long-tongued bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, and other pollinators. 
-Good alternative to Lantana (Lantana x strigocamara), stiff vervain (Verbena rigida), and Brazilian vervain (Verbena brasiliensis), invasive species in the same family often promoted for pollinator gardens.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Glandularia canadensis (rose vervain, formerly Verbena canadensis), Verbena xutha (gulf vervain), Verbena halei (Texas vervain), Verbena carnea (Carolina vervain).

13.  Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa) 
-Early spring flowers attract a variety of pollinators.
-Host for the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) and falcate orangetip (Anthocharis midea).

-Foxglove-like blooms attract hummingbirds, long-tongued bees, and butterflies; a few species are also reported to use Penstemon as a host plant.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Gulf coast beardtongue (Penstemon tenuis), loose-flowered beardtongue (Penstemon laxiflorus), Foxglove beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis).

-Only host plants for the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus); flowers visited by a variety of pollinators.
-Avoid nonnative Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica), which supports high concentrations of OE (Ophryocystis elektrosc irrha)  a parasite that kills monarchs, and has evergreen foliage which can attract the overwintering generation of monarchs to breed instead of flying to overwintering sites in Mexico.

16.  Violet (Viola spp.)
-Host plant for fritillary butterflies in the genus Speyeria.
-Important early spring nectar plant for bees, preferred by some specialist bees.

*Recommended species in PR drainage: Viola walteri (Walter’s violet), Viola pedata (birdsfoot violet), Viola septemloba (coastal plain violet), Viola palmata (wood violet), Viola primulifolia (primrose-leaved violet), Viola sagittata (arrowleaf violet). 
​

17.  Cowbane (Oxypolis spp.) or bishopweed (Ptilimnium spp.) (native black swallowtail hosts)
-Host plants for Eastern black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes).
-Flowers attract a variety of pollinators.

18.  Bee-blossoms (Oenothera spp.)
-Host plant for white-lined sphinx moth (Hyles lineata), also primrose moth (Schinia florida) and several other specialists.
-Supports several specialist bees.
-Oenothera biennis has night-opening flowers pollinated primarily by sphinx moths.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Oenothera lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s beeblossoms), Oenothera fruticosa (sundrops), Oenothera biennis (biennial evening-primrose).
​

20. Coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens)
-Host for snowberry clearing (Hemaris diffinis) and hummingbird clearwing (Hemaris thysbe).
-Flowers are a favorite of hummingbirds.

-Host plant for pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor).

23.  Purple passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)
-Preferred host plant for gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae).
-Flowers attract a variety of pollinators.

25.  Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
-Host plant for Mississippi’s state butterfly, the Spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus).
-Very early spring blooms are pollinated mostly by solitary bees and flies. 

26.  Wild blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

-Host plant for a wide variety of beneficial insects--collectively (for the genus) several hundred species of butterflies and moths.
-Preferred by many specialist bees.
-Edible (especially V. formosum and  V. virgatum).

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry), Vaccinium darrowii (Darrow’s evergreen blueberry), Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott’s blueberry), Vaccinium formosum (southern highbush blueberry), Vaccinium virgatum (rabbiteye blueberry)

27.  Native hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). 
-Important host plant for a wide variety of beneficial insects, including the red-spotted purple (Limenitis anthemis) and Eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus).
-Fruits are eaten by migratory birds.
-Spring blooms are attractive to native bees.

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Crataegus opaca (western mayhaw), Crataegus pulcherrima (beautiful hawthorn), Crataegus marshallii (parsley hawthorn), Crataegus uniflora (one-flowered hawthorn), Crataegus ashei (Ashe’s hawthorn), Crataegus triflora (three-flowered hawthorn), Crataegus brachyacantha (blueberry hawthorn).

28.  Tall indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa) 
-Host plant for the southern Dogface (Zerene cesonia), several skippers, and other beneficial insects.
-Flowers are mostly pollinated by native solitary bees.
​

29.  Hercules’ club (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis)
-Host plant for giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes).
-Attractive to a range of small pollinators, especially pollinating flies and solitary bees.

30.  Wild plum (Prunus spp.)
-Early spring blooms are attractive to native bees.
-Edible
-Genus hosts many butterflies and moths, including the red-spotted purple (Limenitis anthemis), tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus), and several sphinx moths and Saturniid moths .

*Recommended species for PR drainage: Prunus mexicana (Mexican plum), Prunus umbellata (flatwoods plum).

31.  Holly (Ilex spp.)
-Blooms support several specialist bees.
-Berries are important for migratory birds. 
-Avoid yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) and other evergreen species which have taken over grasslands in south MS and are often considered "native invasives". 

General considerations: 

-Join your native plant society!

-Most solitary bees are ground-nesting and need patches of bare soil or sand that aren’t regularly trampled to reproduce.

-Cutting back dead stems and blowering leaves in the winter removes overwintering habitat for wildlife. Instead, cut back dead stems in the early spring and leave leaves in place or gently rake them into beds to use as natural mulch (spring ephemerals and forest understory shrubs love hardwood leaf litter!).

-Help control invasive species. Invasive plants harm wildlife by escaping from cultivation (via seed and other propagules, often wildlife-dispersed) and disrupting or even completely replacing native plant communities.  Removing invasive plants and filling the gaps with native plants is a good way to start introducing natives to your yard.

-Only a tiny fraction of exotic (non-native) plants become invasive, but all exotic plants can be harmful when planted over large areas, especially in monocultures.  Food chains are powered by native insects which exotic plants cannot support.  Conversion of native vegetation to agriculture, tree plantations, landscaping and lawn threatens all native wildlife.  

-Runoff from lawns pollutes waterways and harms wildlife; lawns are also a major source of greenhouse gases and airborne pollutants. Lawn removal should be a focus of native plantings. Native "meadow" plantings using grassland plants (sun) and “sedge lawns” (shade) are much lower-maintenance alternatives.  Native wetland buffers and rain gardens can help filter runoff and control erosion.

Species selection:

-Greater diversity of native plants = greater diversity of wildlife.  Native insects tend to specialize on a few species or genera of native plants.

-Ecoregions, not zones! As native plantings develop, the goal, overall, should be to mimic the plant communities which naturally occurred in the area. Species that occur within the same ecoregion as the planting in similar habitat (consider soil, moisture, slope, shade) will benefit wildlife the most and be easiest to maintain. 

-Most MS and LA uplands were historically prairie, savannah, or open woodland, maintained by frequent surface fires--not forest! These “treed grasslands” are incredibly diverse, but nearly all of the diversity is in the herbaceous understory (grasses and wildflowers), with a handful of scrubby, fire-adapted shrubs. Grassland plants are critical for pollinators in the southeast and should be the focus in sunny or semi-sunny locations.

-“Powerhouse” plants are great to start with, but the high numbers of insects hosted can be misleading. Insects can require different plants and different habitats at different life stages and many “powerhouse” plants are generalists which have expanded their ranges in recent years (e.g. mesophytic oaks).
​

Shopping for native plants:

-Scientific names are the best way to get accurate info. Copy and paste!

-Use local genetic material whenever possible (plants sourced within the same ecoregion, or, even better, the same or a nearby county).  Local ecotypes are best for wildlife and will be easiest to maintain over time. Cross-contact with non-local plants and cultivars can have negative genetic effects on local, native populations.   

-Cultivars (horticultural selections) of native plants (“nativars”) should be avoided. Denoted with single quotes. E.g. Iris ‘Ann chowning’ or Stokes’ aster ‘Peachie’s pick’.  In extreme cases they may be completely unusable to wildlife the local ecotype supports.

-Always check to make sure a plant is actually native before purchasing it. Nurseries can be deceptive.
​

Useful Resources:

-Mississippi Native Plant Society (join at https://www.mississippinativeplantsociety.org/) and Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com/groups/1947279902251372/)

-Louisiana Native Plant Society (https://www.lnps.org/); chapters--Folsom native plant society (http://folsomnps.org/), Capital area native plant society (http://canps.weebly.com/), Native plant initiative of greater New Orleans (https://www.npi-gno.org/); Facebook discussion groups: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1054570457994403 https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583694195234726/, https://www.facebook.com/groups/npigno.

-High-quality images and species profiles:  https://warcapps.usgs.gov/PlantID/, https://www.wildflower.org/, http://www.southeasternflora.com/index.php.

-iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/home). For documenting wild plants (native or exotic, cultivated plants will be marked as Casual grade).  iNat is regularly used in research and already helping clarify species distributions and locate new populations of both rare native species and recently introduced species.  The iNat community is full of experts who can help ID plants. 

-Searchable list of nonnative invasive plants https://www.invasive.org/weeds.cfm

-Weakley’s flora (2020): https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/. The definitive resource for plant ID in the southeast, with a comprehensive dichotomous key covering the entire region (>10,000 species). Species entries include info (often more up-to-date) found in all of the following sources. Has an index of common names, complete synonymies & basic habitat info for each species.

-BONAP is the best source for county distribution maps (see color key): (http://bonap.net/NAPA/Genus/Traditional/County).

-EPA level III and IV ecoregions: (https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregion-download-files-state-region-4#pane-22).

-https://www.itis.gov/. Useful when horticultural sources use outdated scientific names. Type in any scientific name and it will come up with the currently accepted name and all synonyms. 

According to EPA's most recent Toxic Release inventory (TRI) National Analysis, over 4 million pounds of toxic chemicals were dumped into the Pearl River in 2018.  The vast majority of this toxic waste came in the form of nitrates from 3 poultry processing companies, Tyson Foods, Sanderson Farms and Peco Foods.  ​

Nitrate pollution has numerous "external costs" to the environment which are not paid for by the companies discharging this toxic waste.   These external costs, borne by the taxpayer and the public in general, include:

• Loss of tourism and recreation revenue
• Decline in property values
• Algae blooms, eutrophication (reduction in dissolved oxygen) and fish kills
• Dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico
• Commercial fishing: reduction in harvest and increased processing costs associated with elevated shellfish poisoning risk
• Human health: heavy metals and pathogenic microbes in nitrate waste can cause harm and disease through direct contact with skin, consumption of drinking water or contaminated shellfish
• Increased drinking water treatment costs
• Restoration: costs associated with restoring impaired waterbodies and developing Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and other watershed plans

In addition to the nitrate compounds dumped by the poultry processing industry, Georgia-Pacific and International Paper together contributed 372,500 pounds of toxic discharges to our watershed, including manganese compounds, methanol, nitrate compounds, ammonia, barium compounds and zinc. In addition to discharges to water, Georgia-Pacific paper mill in Monticello, MS also released 1.4 million pounds of toxic chemicals to the air, including the carcinogenic chemical acetaldehyde.  International Paper in Bogalusa, LA released 2.3 million pounds of toxic chemicals to the air. 

This Pearl River Basin chemical discharge data was compiled from the EPA's 2018 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) National Analysis Report of chemical discharges to air, land and water.  "The TRI tracks the management of certain toxic chemicals that may pose a threat to human health and the environment. Certain industrial facilities in the US must report annually how much of each chemical is recycled, combusted for energy recovery, treated for destruction, and disposed of or otherwise released on- and off-site." The  discharge of these chemicals is legally authorized by each state through the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System.  Mississippi and Louisiana Departments of Environmental Quality test their waterways, designate the waterway sections as "attaining their designated use" or as "impaired" and make Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) discharge determinations.  The TMDL is then used as the basis for discharge permit authorizations.  ​

​
​"Since the creation of the TRI Program, the information collected and presented has provided a way for citizens to better understand possible sources of pollution in their communities.  This better understanding can be the basis for actions, such as communications with facilities releasing chemicals to the environment and with regulatory authorities that have oversight responsibilities.  This concept of citizen empowerment is summed up by the slogan, 'A Right to Know, A Basis to Act'."  EPA.gov.

Louisiana ranks 4th out of 56 states/territories nationwide based on total releases per square mile (rank 1 = highest releases). Mississippi ranks 13th out of 56.  The TRI is easily searchable by state, county, city or zip code: https://www.epa.gov/trinationalanalysis/where-you-live.

Join forces with Pearl Riverkeeper to help protect our watershed by signing up for our newsletter, becoming a member or volunteering for our Clean Water Team.

Pearl Riverkeeper conducted an analysis on the 2018 Toxic Release Inventory National Analysis Report database published by the EPA.  Errors are possible.   Please consult the EPA website for the full report.  ​​​

476,541,680 gallons of raw sewage leaked directly to the Pearl River from one location at 408 Jefferson St, Jackson during the heavy rain and flood events of the first 3 months of 2020.  The largest single-day discharge occurred on January 11 when 6,831,520 gallons of raw sewage flowed from the Jefferson St manhole to the Pearl and then downriver.  This is enough raw sewage released in ONE DAY to fill 10 Olympic swimming pools.

• Days in Jan-Mar 2020 when more than 100,000 gallons of raw sewage leaked from Jefferson Street:  14
• Days when City of Jackson, MDEQ or EPA issued a warning or advisory to the public or downstream communities:  0

During the same quarter of Jan-Mar 2020, 36 additional Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) discharges to "Waters of the State" occurred and prohibited bypasses at the Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) released 5.7 billion gallons of minimally treated sewage to the Pearl.  
​

Is public notification required during a Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) event?

• According to City of Jackson Sewer Overflow Response Plan (SORP), City of Jackson will issue a news release and place temporary signs in the area of the overflow whenever an overflow creates a "significant health hazard" or "significant volume has reached waters of the US and/or State".  Additional notification will be considered in conjunction with MDEQ and HCHD.  
• During Jan-Mar 2020, the City of Jackson did not issue a single press release warning the public or downstream communities of the health and safety hazards of millions of gallons of raw sewage headed their way.  
• Currently, the only avenue the public has to learn about a SSO in their neighborhood or upriver is to wait one month after the end of the last quarter and then access the Quarterly Report posted on the City of Jackson website. 
• In Spring 2019, after lobbying by Pearl Riverkeeper, MDEQ issued a Water Contact Advisory for the Pearl River and Other Streams in the Jackson Area, the first advisory issued since 2013.  This Advisory remains in effect one year later.  During Jan-Mar 2020, MDEQ declined to re-issue or remind citizens about the Water Contact Advisory or otherwise notify the public of the catastrophic sewage overflows occurring in Jackson.  MDEQ also declined to require the City of Jackson to report the overflows or comply with the procedures listed in its own SORP.  No fines were levied by MDEQ against City of Jackson for failure to comply with reporting requirements.  MDEQ also declined to revise the City of Jackson's SORP to specify the amount of sewage that constitutes a "significant health hazard" or "significant volume" or otherwise develop procedures to improve reporting compliance by City of Jackson.

THE COMMUNITY HAS A RIGHT TO KNOW WHEN MILLIONS OF GALLONS OF RAW SEWAGE ARE BEING RELEASED TO WATERS OF THE STATE AND TO THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS. 

​What is a a Sanitary Sewer Overflow?
A Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) is an event in which untreated sewage is discharged from the sewage collection system into the environment prior to reaching the sewage treatment facilities.  These discharges endanger human health, cause property damage, and degrade our local water quality. ​

• Health impacts: Sewage spills contain bacteria, viruses, and a host of other pathogens.  Health hazards range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to more serious illnesses such as Hepatitis and Dysentery. 
• Environmental impacts: Since 1996, the entire "Jackson Segment" of the Pearl River has been listed by MDEQ as "impaired" for nutrients/organic enrichment and low dissolved oxygen.  The "Jackson Segment" is not meeting even the lowest MDEQ water quality standards for aquatic life support or contact recreation.  The City of Jackson is rendering this entire section of the river unusable. 

What causes SSO events? 
The SSO events experienced by the City of Jackson collection system were caused by excessive flow,  collapsed pipes, grease/fat buildup, and blockages from roots and solids.  According to the Jan-Mar 2020  Quarterly Report, "The Jackson area received 29.74" of rainfall, or 105% above normal during the reporting period.  Also during January and February 2020, the Pearl River was at or above flood action stage of 24 feet for 44 days.  It should also be noted that the Pearl River reached a peak level of 36.67 feet on February 17, 2020, which is the third highest historical peak ever recorded.  During this period, the system experienced a dramatic increase in inflow.  Aerial inspection by the Mississippi Department of Emergency Management and the City of Jackson noted several damaged manholes that allowed floodwaters to enter the collection system." 
​
EPA Consent Decree
In November 2012, the Jackson City Council entered into a consent decree with the EPA and MDEQ regarding operations at the Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant.  The consent decree required the City to pay a civil penalty of $437,916, execute a $875,000 environmental project, and overhaul its wastewater treatment plant and collection systems.  The City was given 18 years to fully comply, with the vast majority of the work to be completed within the next 11 years (by 2023).  The City of Jackson was required to develop prioritization work plans, rehabilitation plans, preventative maintenance programs and supplemental environmental program timelines.  The City is required to submit quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports to the EPA and must publish these on their website.  
​
Recent Yearly Sewage Overflow Totals
​
2018:

• 180 SSOs to Waters of the State:  5.9 million gallons
• Prohibited bypass from Savannah Street WWTF: 3.2 billion gallons

2019:

• 169 SSOs to Waters of the State:  33.6 million gallons
• Prohibited bypass from Savannah Street WWTF: 5.5 billion gallons

First Quarter 2020

• 57 SSOs to Waters of the State: 476.5 million gallons
• Prohibited bypass from Savannah Street WWTF: 5.7 billion gallons

Where have the City of Jackson 2020 SSO events to Waters of the State occurred?  ​
Check out our interactive map below to find out if a SSO event that released sewage to Waters of the State occurred in your City of Jackson neighborhood. Click on the pinned locations for information about the date, location, cause of the overflow, and amount of untreated sewage released.  Large Scale Map Link

THE BACKSTORY 

The Rankin-Hinds Pearl River Flood and Drainage Control District (Levee Board) was established in response to a 1961 flood and Congressional-authorization for a Rankin and Hinds county federal flood control project.  In 1964, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began construction on a 1.5 mile levee on the Jackson side of the river, a 10.3 mile levee on the Rankin side, along with 5 miles of river straightening and channelization.  

Less than a decade later, in April 1979, the City of Jackson and surrounding counties were hit with the flood of record, devastating communities and causing an estimated $500-$700 million in damages.  Thousands of homes and businesses in the Jackson area were inundated in the flood stage that  lasted from 10 to 14 days in some areas.  Again, Congress gave authorization for the USACE to develop a comprehensive flood control plan for the Jackson metropolitan area.  Now, 41 years after the flood of record, there is still no flood mitigation for the Jackson metro area.  What happened?
​

Following the 1979 flood, numerous Pearl River flood control plans are developed by the USACE.   In 1996, the USACE Feasibility Report, Flood Control, Pearl River Basin, Jackson Metropolitan Area, Mississippi recommends a system of flood walls and levees for flood control called the Comprehensive Levee Plan.  This plan is ready for implementation and construction in 1996 but does not satisfy the development desires of the Levee Board and local developers.  

​17 years after the 1979 flood, the Levee Board rejects a feasible flood control plan.  ​
​

Does the Levee Board give up on their development as flood control projects after that?  Of course not.  

• 2001- Levee Board adopts the LeFleur Lakes Plan, a flood control and economic development plan similar to John McGowan's Two Lake Plan, but slightly modified.  LeFleurs Lake Development Foundation non-profit receives $99,200 through the Housing and Urban Development Economic Development Initiative Grant for FY 2009, $347,200 through the Housing and Urban Development Neighborhood Initiative Grant for FY 2009, and $345,530 through the Small Business Association Congressional Mandated Award to be used toward the LeFleur Lakes Project for FY 2007. (PEER Report 545)  The $2.85 million budget for the LeFleur Lakes study was to be split by the USACE and the Levee Board.   The Boards of Supervisors of Hinds and Rankin counties agreed to provide the 50% local cost share.
• 2007- The USACE concludes that the LeFleur Lakes Plan is less effective at flood control than the Comprehensive Levee Plan. 

Does the Levee Board give up on their development as flood control project then?  Of course not.

• The Levee Board develops the Lower Lake Plan.  The Lower Lake Plan estimates $605 million in upfront costs for levee stabilization, lake construction, property aquisition and core infrastructure with the majority of the costs expected to fall on the public sector". 
• In July 2007, The Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) authorizes federal expenditure for the Comprehensive Levee Plan or a locally preferred plan. Federal funding participation is limited to the amount necessary to pay the federal share (65%) of the Comprehensive Levee Plan which equals $133,770,000.  The WRDA bill also terminates the USACE agreement with the Levee Board and allows the Levee Board to become the local project sponsor. 

​In 2007, 28 years after the 1979 flood, the Levee Board again rejects the Comprehensive Levee Plan which has USACE approval and also Congressionally-authorized federal expenditure.

• 2010- A report completed by the Mississippi Legislative PEER Committee documents the Levee Board's failure to develop an adequate flood control plan, stating "Between 1979 and 2010, four Pearl River flood control studies were conducted in order to find a 'politically supportable, implementable flood control solution for the Jackson metropolitan area'.  Combined, the studies cost federal and local taxpayers approximately $7 million.  However, none of the studies options have gained the necessary local and federal support as needed for implementation." (PEER Report 545)​  The report states bluntly that, "The plans incorporating economic development cost more than levees."

Does the Levee Board give up on their development as flood control project then?  Of course not.
​

• 2011-John McGowan and other real estate developers form a nonprofit called the Pearl River Vision Foundation to promote a new lake development called the One Lake plan.
• 2012- The Vision 2022 presentation by the Greater Jackson Chamber Partnership includes the One Lake project as part of its Jackson-area economic development plan.   The Greater Jackson Chamber Partnership donates $200,000 to the Levee Board for the One Lake EIS and feasibility studies.
• 2013- The Mississippi Development Authority with permission from Governor Phil Bryant, provides the One Lake project with $1 million of Mississippi state funds for the One Lake EIS and feasibility studies.
• 2017- House Bill 1585 gives the Levee Board authority to tax "property that is directly or indirectly benefited" by a flood control project.  The bill allows the Levee Board authority to decide which land within the district would benefit from the One Lake project and "levy a special improvement assessment" in order to "provide funds for the operation, maintenance and preservation of the project."
• 2018- An incomplete One Lake project Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Feasibility Report is released to the public with an associated 45 day public comment period.
• 2020- The One Lake project Environmental Impact Statement/Feasibility Report is sent to the USACE in Washington DC for review. ​

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Continued construction in the flood plain since the 1983 flood, the 2nd highest flood on record, made predicting flood stage impacts for the most recent Feb 2020 flood more difficult.  During this high water event, the 3rd highest flood on record, Mike Word, Rankin County Emergency Management Director, stated that, because of development in the decades since the last major flood, "nobody can tell you where the 38-foot mark goes" and how widespread the flooding will be.  He said that the amount of concrete and asphalt and sedimentation built up in the basin area over years will prevent water from soaking into the ground and could exacerbate flooding.  "Nobody knows for sure how much the basin will hold."  (Clarion Ledger, Feb 15, 2020).  Governor Reeves commented at a MEMA press conference on Feb 16, "There were areas, due in large part to construction since 1983, there were areas that were receiving water that we anticipated would not receive water until they were at 38' level.  All of these projections are just projections because, when you think about the amount of construction that's happened, particularly in the Jackson area since 1983, what we find is that there are certain areas where 36' feels like 38' and maybe there are going to be some areas where 38' feels like 39 or 39.5."  ​

Channel 12 Meteorologist, Jacob Lanier, reported that the Feb 2020 flood impacts differed from the forecasts because, " the flood projection maps we used are almost entirely based on the 1983 flood. Over the past 40 years, Rankin County has vastly changed. Going from mostly farm land to a very urbanized area along Lakeland & Old Fannin. This development, with concrete and landscaping, has made it harder for water to pass through. So it acted as a dam of sorts, pushing flood water up the path of least resistance into Northeast Jackson & Hanging Moss Creek. This turned a 36.7 ft river into a 38 ft river for those neighborhoods."
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In an Engineering News-Record article from Feb 2020, Keith Turner, Levee Board attorney, is quoted, "The approach (One Lake) would also widen the river and make way for commercial development."  Sound familiar?  The hubris that their "flood control" project would work and would thus enable us to continue to build more structures in the flood zone.  We've learned nothing since 1961, when a false sense of security created by a "flood control" solution, led to a massive encroachment on the Pearl River flood plain.  Jackson does not need a flood plain development project.  The Jackson-metro area needs levee improvements, levee setbacks to remove the metro-area bottleneck and allow for an expanded flood plain, local green infrastructure projects to control flash flooding combined with local adoption and  enforcement of appropriate restrictions on further floodplain development and select buyouts of properties that continually flood.  As we wait for the Levee Board to push through another misguided Lake plan, construction in Hinds and Rankin county flood zones continues, putting more people and structures at risk for the next high water event.  

This summer, Pearl Riverkeeper volunteers conducted weekly E.coli testing at 17 Pearl River, Strong River and Ross Barnett Reservoir locations in order to provide you with information about whether it was safe to recreate!  Expanding from 4 locations in 2018 to 17+ locations in 2019 would not have been possible without our amazing Water Rangers certified volunteer water monitors. Our volunteers are trained in the Quality Assurance protocols developed by Alabama Water Watch and certified by EPA Region 4. 
     Neither the MS Department of Environmental Quality nor the MS Department of Public Health conducts this type of weekly E.coli testing on our freshwater rivers and reservoirs.   We think that's a shame, so our volunteers spent Wednesdays in the summer testing your favorite Pearl River watershed locations to keep you informed!

Pearl Riverkeeper volunteers conducted 195 E.coli tests during 13 weeks in June through August at:

• Upper Pearl: Highway 35, Old Highway 13, Coal Bluff, Leake County Water Park
• Ross Barnett Reservoir: Natchez Trace Overlook, Old Trace Park, Lakeshore Park, Pelahatchie Creek
• ​Lower Pearl: Belhaven Beach, Old River Bridge, Crystal Lake, Byram Swinging Bridge, Georgetown Bridge, West Pearl River-LA
• Strong River: Bridgeport Rd Bridge, Highway 28 Bridge, Robert Bush Rd, D'Lo Water Park
• Merit Water Park

​Results were posted each Friday on the Pearl Riverkeeper website, Swim Guide and through text alerts.  A location was marked Green if the test met EPA water quality standards or marked Red if the test exceeded the standard.  We issued 28 "high E.coli" alerts over the 13 weeks of summer.  Read the full results.  Below are pie charts listing the percentages of Pass (E.coli levels within EPA recommended limits for recreation) and Fail (E.coli levels above limits) results for each location during the summer 2019 season. 

About our results:  Heavy rains, particularly runoff from Hurricane Barry in July, had significant impact on local water quality.  A rain event within 24 hours of testing often resulted in a "high E.coli" reading.  Experts recommend that people use extra caution for several days after rainstorms as sewer overflows, failing septic and stormwater runoff can contain high levels of bacteria.  

What's next?  Pearl Riverkeeper is continually expanding our citizen science water quality monitoring program. We will be training another group of Bacteriological Monitoring volunteers in Spring 2020.  During the off season, Pearl Riverkeeper volunteers will be conducting monthly Bacteriological testing at current locations and at additional locations in the Jackson area.  Bacteriological Monitoring at the Jackson area locations will be used to assess impacts to the Pearl River and its urban tributaries from sanitary sewer overflows and leaks. In addition to Bacteriological Monitoring, volunteers are also conducting Water Chemistry Monitoring which involves testing pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity and temperature. 

The state of Mississippi has over 26,000 miles of perennial streams and rivers. For the state's 2016 Water Quality Assessment, MDEQ assessed only 11% of our waterways and stated that the status of water quality on the remaining 89% (23,568 miles) is unknown. Citizen science from our certified water quality monitors can help fill in the gaps and provide early detection of water quality issues in areas not actively monitored.

HOW CAN YOU GET INVOLVED?

• Volunteer for our the Pearl Riverkeeper Water Rangers or Clean Water Team
• Text "PRKSWIMGUIDE" to 844-83 to receive water quality alerts by text message
• Support our work financially by becoming a member  ​

9.6 million gallons of raw sewage and billions of gallons of minimally treated sewage released to the Pearl River and its tributaries in the second quarter of 2019.  From Apr-June 2019, 43 separate Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) discharges to "Waters of the State" occurred from the collection system sewer lines associated with the Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).  During this quarter, 165,760 gallons of raw sewage were released to Town Creek, 76,480 to Lynch Creek, 32,100 to Hanging Moss Creek, 10,150 to Purple Creek and 9.3 million gallons of raw sewage directly to the Pearl River.
     Total untreated sewage released by City of Jackson to the Pearl River watershed in the first two quarters of 2019 adds up to over 33.2 million gallons, enough to fill 50 Olympic size swimming pools.  To put this amount in perspective, in 2016, Alabama Waterkeepers calculated the total sewage spilled for the entire year of 2016 throughout the entirety of Alabama waterways at 28.8 million gallons.  The City of Jackson sanitary sewer system is exceeding this amount in 6 months into one watershed, our Pearl River.  The US EPA suggests a benchmark of less than 4 SSOs per 100 miles of sewer per year.  Last year, the City of Jackson had 18 SSO events per 100  miles of sewer. 

​What is a a Sanitary Sewer Overflow?
A Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) is an event in which untreated sewage is discharged from the sewage collection system into the environment prior to reaching the sewage treatment facilities.  These discharges endanger human health, cause property damage, and degrade our local water quality. ​

• Health impacts: Sewage spills contain bacteria, viruses, and a host of other pathogens.  Health hazards range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to more serious illnesses such as Hepatitis and Dysentery. 
• Environmental impacts: Spills degrade water quality by increasing the concentration of pollutants and nutrient levels which in turn decreases the amount of  dissolved oxygen in the water.  Low dissolved oxygen can cause fish kills and is harmful to all aquatic species.  Since 1996, the entire "Jackson Segment" of the Pearl River has been listed by MDEQ as "impaired" for nutrients/organic enrichment and low dissolved oxygen.  The "Jackson Segment" is not meeting even the lowest MDEQ water quality standards for aquatic life support or contact recreation.  The City of Jackson is rendering this entire section of the river unusable. 

What causes SSO events? 
The SSO events experienced by the City of Jackson collection system were caused by excessive flow,  collapsed pipes, grease/fat buildup, and blockages from roots and solids. 
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EPA Consent Decree
In November 2012, the Jackson City Council entered into a consent decree with the EPA and MDEQ regarding operations at the Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant.  The consent decree required the City to pay a civil penalty of $437,916, execute a $875,000 environmental project, and overhaul its wastewater treatment plant and collection systems.  The City was given 18 years to fully comply, with the vast majority of the work to be completed within the next 11 years (by 2023).  The City of Jackson was required to develop prioritization work plans, rehabilitation plans, preventative maintenance programs and supplemental environmental program timelines.  The City is required to submit quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports to the EPA and must publish these on their website.  

Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant
According to the 2019 quarterly reports, a Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant "Prohibited Bypass" that began on Dec 9, 2018 and lasted several months released 4.06 billion gallons of minimally treated sewage to the Pearl River.  A "Prohibited Bypass" occurs when the plant is overwhelmed with excessive flow, usually due to high rain events, and bypasses must occur.  "All bypassed volume is chlorinated, de-chlorinated and required samples taken prior to blending with the mechanical plant effluent and subsequently discharged to the Pearl River".